If the use of land is reduced by law, how does it affet the marginal productivity of land of labour?

Because of diminishing returns, if the use of land is reduced by law, marginal prodcut from land will increase. If people make substitution toward labour, that means they now use relatively more labour, so the marginal prodcut of labour decrease. ( Labour working from unused land transfer to used land, so each land uses more labour now.)

Functions of Labour Unions

1. To facilitate contract negotiations ( 幫助合約談判)

- agents of a labour union within any firm can smooth grievance procedures

- and monitor working relationships between employers supervisors and employees.

- Labour unions also provide many other useful services to their members, from group insurance policies to information about the job market.

2. To monitor employee performance

- to monitor an employer's provision of promised working conditions, fringe benefits, security insurance, retirement and the like.

- to ensure that employees receive promised benefits

- to monitor the performance of the employees

- to improve general productivity by improving contract negotiation between employers and the multitude of employees

3. To raise the wages of their members

How Labour Unions raise the wage of their members?

There are three main methods for labour unions to raise the wage rates of their members, there are raising the demand for labour, restricting the supply of labour and imposing minimum wage rate. First, in order to raise the wages for labour, a labour union try to improve the productivity of the workers or adopt featherbedding, so the demand for labour increase. Featherbedding means that the union tries to restrict the output per worker in order to increase the amount of labour required to do a certain job. Second, a labour union try to exclude some people from the market by immigration restrictions, licensing and entry qualifications, so the supply of labour is restricted.